Contact Us
Return to Resources

More Resources

Bannuru et al. (2019)

OARSI guidelines for the non-surgical management of knee, hip, and polyarticular osteoarthritis. Osteo. Cartl. 27(11).

Binkley et al. (1999)

The Lower Extremity Functional Scale (LEFS): scale development, measurement properties, and clinical application. Phys. Ther. 79(4).

Cherian et al. (2015)

Strength and functional improvement using pneumatic brace with extension assist for end-stage knee osteoarthritis: a prospective, randomized trial. J. Arthroplasty. 30(5).

Duncan et al. (2006)

Prevalence of radiographic osteoarthritis – it all depends on your point of view. Rheum. 45(6)

Heekin & Fokin (2014)

Incidence of bicompartmental osteoarthritis in patients undergoing total and unicompartmental knee arthroplasty: is the time ripe for a less radical treatment?. J. Knee Surg. 27(1).

Jevsevar (2013)

Treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee: evidence-based guideline, 2nd edition. J. Am. Acad. Orthop. Surg. 21(9).

McAlindon et al. (2014)

OARSI guidelines for the non-surgical management of knee osteoarthritis. Osteo. Cartl. 22(3).

Messier et al. (2018)

Intentional weight loss in overweight and obese patients with knee osteoarthritis: is more better? Arthritis Care Res. (Hobokin) 70(11).

Military Case Study

Levitation TCO Knee Brace Case Study: 18-year-old male with patellar dislocation, fracture, and osteochondral lesion.

Tubach et al. (2005)

Evaluation of clinically relevant states in patient reported outcomes in knee and hip osteoarthritis: the patient acceptable symptom state. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 64(1).

Zhang et al. (2008)

OARSI recommendations for the management of hip and knee osteoarthritis, part II: OARSI evidence-based, expert consensus guidelines. Osteo. Cartl. 16.

Research Summary

The prevalence of radiographic and MRI-defined patellofemoral osteoarthritis and structural pathology

Hart, H.F., Stefanik, J.J., Wyndow, N., et al. (2017) B. J. Sports Med. 51(16): 1195-1208.

Visit Journal

Key Findings

Visit Journal

%

PF INVOLVEMENT COMMON OA PATTERN

of patients with radiographic and symptomatic knee OA had PF OA.

%

PF OA PREVALENT AMONG KNEE PAIN SUFFERERS

of patients with knee pain or symptomatic knee OA had radiographic PF OA.

%

PF DAMAGE COMMON WITH KNEE PAIN

of patients with knee pain had MRI-defined PF structural damage based on cartilage defect.

To understand the prevalence of patellofemoral osteoarthritis (PF OA) among knee OA patients and sufferers of knee pain, a systematic review and meta-analysis of literature reporting PF OA prevalence was conducted. Literature of interest included accounts of radiographic PF OA and MRI-defined PF structural damage. At the time of the study, there was no accepted definition of PF OA based on MRI. To pool data from MRI populations, the study used several terms pertaining to cartilage defect and bone marrow lesions to indicate the presence of PF structural damage.

An analysis of 85 studies revealed that PF OA is prevalent in a wide range of settings, including symptomatic and asymptomatic populations. Around one half of people with knee pain or radiographic knee OA have PF involvement. MRI-defined PF structural damage was calculated for four populations: community, knee pain or symptomatic, radiographic OA, and healthy individuals. For both community and knee pain or symptomatic populations, MRI-defined PF structural damage based on cartilage defect was present in around half of the cases.

Relevance to Spring Loaded Braces

The high prevalence of PF OA among knee pain sufferers and patients with knee OA underscores the importance of knee pain treatments that target pain originating in the PF compartment. Common braces for knee OA include valgus braces that redistribute forces across the tibiofemoral compartments, but these braces do not sufficiently address pain caused by PF OA. Due to its ability to offload joint forces from all three compartments 1– Budarick, A.R. et al. (2020). J. Biomech. Eng. 142(1)
– McGibbon, C.A. et al. 2020. Front. Bioeng. Biotech. doi:10.3389/fbioe.2020.604860, Spring Loaded bracing is a promising solution for many patients who struggle with pain due to PF involvement.

more on this topic...